Strain analysis from M-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering of nickel oxide films.

Electronic structure modifications due to strain are an effective method for tailoring nano-scale functional materials. Demonstrated on nickel oxide (NiO) thin films, Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) at the transition-metal M2,3-edge is shown to be a powerful tool for measuring the electronic structure modification due to strain in the near-surface region. Analyses from the M2,3-edge RIXS in comparison with dedicated crystal field multiplet calculations show distortions in 40 nm NiO grown on a magnesium oxide (MgO) substrate (NiO/MgO) similar to those caused by surface relaxation of bulk NiO. The films of 20 and 10 nm NiO/MgO show slightly larger differences from bulk NiO. Quantitatively, the NiO/MgO samples all are distorted from perfect octahedral (Oh) symmetry with a tetragonal parameter Ds of about -0.1 eV, very close to the Ds distortion from octahedral (Oh) symmetry parameter of -0.11 eV obtained for the surface-near region from a bulk NiO crystal. Comparing the spectra of a 20 nm film of NiO grown on a 20 nm magnetite (Fe3O4) film on a MgO substrate (NiO/Fe3O4/MgO) with the calculated multiplet analyses, the distortion parameter Ds appears to be closer to zero, showing that the surface-near region of this templated film is less distorted from Oh symmetry than the surface-near region in bulk NiO. Finally, the potential of M2,3-edge RIXS for other investigations of strain on electronic structure is discussed.