Nanoparticle delivery system, highly active antiretroviral therapy, and testicular morphology: The role of stereology.
Edwin Coleridge Stephen NaiduSamuel Oluwaseun OlojedeSodiq Kolawole LawalCarmen Olivia RennieOnyemaechi Okpara AzuPublished in: Pharmacology research & perspectives (2022)
The conjugation of nanoparticles (NPs) with antiretroviral drugs is a drug delivery approach with great potential for managing HIV infections. Despite their promise, recent studies have highlighted the toxic effects of nanoparticles on testicular tissue and their impact on sperm morphology. This review explores the role of stereological techniques in assessing the testicular morphology in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) when a nanoparticle drug delivery system is used. Also, NPs penetration and pharmacokinetics concerning the testicular tissue and blood-testis barrier form the vital part of this review. More so, various classes of NPs employed in biomedical and clinical research to deliver antiretroviral drugs were thoroughly discussed. In addition, considerations for minimizing nanoparticle-drugs toxicity, ensuring enhanced permeability of nanoparticles, maximizing drug efficacy, ensuring adequate bioavailability, and formulation of HAART-NPs fabrication are well discussed.
Keyphrases
- antiretroviral therapy
- hiv infected patients
- hiv infected
- germ cell
- hiv positive
- human immunodeficiency virus
- hiv aids
- drug delivery
- oxide nanoparticles
- iron oxide
- drug induced
- men who have sex with men
- walled carbon nanotubes
- hepatitis c virus
- cancer therapy
- hiv testing
- oxidative stress
- big data
- climate change
- drug release
- artificial intelligence
- case control