Independent component analysis (ICA) applied to dynamic oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) for robust functional lung imaging at 3 T.

The developed pipeline demonstrated sensitivity to the signal enhancements of the lung tissue and oxygenated blood at 3 T. The difference in lung PSE between current smokers and nonsmokers indicates a likely sensitivity to lung function alterations that may be seen in mild pathology, supporting future use of our methods in patient studies.