Friends or foes: The mononuclear phagocyte system in ischemic stroke.
Zhang ZiqingLiu YunpengLiu YiqiYang WangPublished in: Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) (2023)
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of disability and death in adults, and the immune response plays an indispensable role in its pathological process. After the onset of IS, an inflammatory storm, with the infiltration and mobilization of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), is triggered in the brain. Microglia are rapidly activated in situ, followed by waves of circulating monocytes into the ischemic area. Activated microglia and monocytes/macrophages are mainly distributed in the peri-infarct area. These cells have similar morphology and functions, such as secreting cytokines and phagocytosis. Previously, the presence of the MPS was considered a marker of an exacerbated inflammatory response that contributes to brain damage. However, recent studies have suggested a rather complicated role of the MPS in IS. Here, we reviewed articles focusing on various functions of the MPS among different phases of IS, including recruitment, polarization, phagocytosis, angiogenesis, and interaction with other types of cells. Moreover, due to the characteristics of the MPS, we also noted clinical research addressing alterations in the MPS as potential biomarkers for IS patients for the purposes of predicting prognosis and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
Keyphrases
- inflammatory response
- induced apoptosis
- peripheral blood
- immune response
- cell cycle arrest
- oxidative stress
- end stage renal disease
- dendritic cells
- ejection fraction
- atrial fibrillation
- white matter
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- cerebral ischemia
- chronic kidney disease
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- toll like receptor
- newly diagnosed
- acute myocardial infarction
- resting state
- endothelial cells
- prognostic factors
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- cell death
- spinal cord injury
- coronary artery disease
- patient reported outcomes
- cell proliferation
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- pi k akt
- blood brain barrier
- acute coronary syndrome
- left ventricular