Addiction-Related Outcomes of Nicotine and Alcohol Co-use: New Insights Following the Rise in Vaping.

though nicotine alone has previously been considered a proxy for tobacco and tobacco cigarette use, combustible routes of administration have been decreasing. they are, instead, being replaced by e-cigarettes that do not involve other tobacco constituents and contain additional non-nicotine constituents of their own. unfortunately, the literature remains limited with regards to e-cigarettes and their interactions with other substances, especially their prevalent co-use with alcohol. this review attempts to discuss the current literature on nicotine and alcohol co-use in the context of the vaping epidemic, predominantly focusing on addiction-related outcomes and why e-cigarette use may be unique.