Targeting Key Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review.
Adamantia PapamichailChristos KourekAlexandros BriasoulisAndrew V XanthopoulosElias TsougosDimitrios FarmakisIoannis ParaskevaidisPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
Inflammation is a major component of heart failure (HF), causing peripheral vasculopathy and cardiac remodeling. High levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines in HF patients have been well recognized. The hallmark of the inflammatory imbalance is the insufficient production of anti-inflammatory mediators, a condition that leads to dysregulated cytokine activity. The condition progresses because of the pathogenic consequences of the cytokine imbalance, including the impact of endothelial dysfunction and adrenergic responsiveness deterioration, and unfavorable inotropic effects on the myocardium. Hence, to develop possible anti-inflammatory treatment options that will enhance the outcomes of HF patients, it is essential to identify the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation in HF. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, adhesion molecules, and acute-phase proteins, are elevated during this process, highlighting the complex association between inflammation and HF. Therefore, these inflammatory markers can be used in predicting prognosis of the syndrome. Various immune cells impact on myocardial remodeling and recovery. They lead to stimulation, release of alarmins and risk-related molecule patterns. Targeting key inflammatory mechanisms seems a quite promising therapy strategy in HF. Cytokine modulation is only one of several possible targets in the fight against inflammation, as the potential molecular targets for therapy in HF include immune activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics, and autophagy.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- acute heart failure
- heart failure
- diabetic rats
- end stage renal disease
- anti inflammatory
- dna damage
- induced apoptosis
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- left ventricular
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- chronic kidney disease
- type diabetes
- metabolic syndrome
- escherichia coli
- stem cells
- atrial fibrillation
- cystic fibrosis
- drug delivery
- mesenchymal stem cells
- risk assessment
- staphylococcus aureus
- weight loss
- insulin resistance
- heat shock