CAR T cells: engineered immune cells to treat brain cancers and beyond.
Zoufang HuangSaikat DewanjeePratik ChakrabortyNiraj Kumar JhaAbhijit DeyMoumita GangopadhyayXuan-Yu ChenJian WangSaurabh Kumar JhaPublished in: Molecular cancer (2023)
Malignant brain tumors rank among the most challenging type of malignancies to manage. The current treatment protocol commonly entails surgery followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, however, the median patient survival rate is poor. Recent developments in immunotherapy for a variety of tumor types spark optimism that immunological strategies may help patients with brain cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells exploit the tumor-targeting specificity of antibodies or receptor ligands to direct the cytolytic capacity of T cells. Several molecules have been discovered as potential targets for immunotherapy-based targeting, including but not limited to EGFRvIII, IL13Rα2, and HER2. The outstanding clinical responses to CAR T cell-based treatments in patients with hematological malignancies have generated interest in using this approach to treat solid tumors. Research results to date support the astounding clinical response rates of CD19-targeted CAR T cells, early clinical experiences in brain tumors demonstrating safety and evidence for disease-modifying activity, and the promise for further advances to ultimately assist patients clinically. However, several variable factors seem to slow down the progress rate regarding treating brain cancers utilizing CAR T cells. The current study offers a thorough analysis of CAR T cells' promise in treating brain cancer, including design and delivery considerations, current strides in clinical and preclinical research, issues encountered, and potential solutions.
Keyphrases
- white matter
- resting state
- end stage renal disease
- chronic kidney disease
- papillary thyroid
- squamous cell carcinoma
- induced apoptosis
- oxidative stress
- machine learning
- coronary artery disease
- peritoneal dialysis
- drug delivery
- childhood cancer
- multiple sclerosis
- locally advanced
- cell proliferation
- risk assessment
- squamous cell
- acute coronary syndrome
- atrial fibrillation
- signaling pathway
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- big data
- brain injury
- artificial intelligence
- rectal cancer
- free survival