Debriefing Model for Psychological Safety in Nursing Simulations: A Qualitative Study.

This study was conducted to explore nursing students' emotional experiences during simulations, and to develop a debriefing model for psychological safety in nursing simulations by qualitatively analyzing data. Data were collected through face-to-face in-depth interviews with 23 undergraduate nursing students in South Korea. Via content analysis, nine categories were derived: fear of evaluation, burden of being observed, unfamiliarity with new ways of learning, sensitivity to interpersonal relationships, physical and emotional exhaustion, utilization of supportive relationships, decline in learning satisfaction, positive acceptance of stress, and attempts to relieve stress. On the basis of these insights, we developed the Share-Explore-Notice-Support-Extend (SENSE) debriefing model, which includes stress management and emotional support, as a strategy for effective simulation practices to reduce the negative experiences of stress in nursing students in simulation-based learning.