Atrial functional mitral regurgitation: The concept has evolved, but inconsistencies still remain.
Andrea BarbieriAlessandro MalagoliPublished in: Journal of cardiac surgery (2022)
In our commentary we elucidated the fact that functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is divided into two morphological subtypes: annular dilation with normal leaflet motion (Carpentier type I) and restricted systolic motion with left ventricular remodeling or dysfunction (Carpentier type IIIb). However, these phenotypes show some degree of overlap and there are currently no distinctive diagnostic cut-off values, therefore they may represent a continuum of the same disease. Moreover, correct left chambers quantification is critical for differentiating between atrial FMR and ventricular FMR. Three-dimensional echocardiography can quantify better leaflet areas, lengths, and closing angles, as well as the coaptation index, by eliminating geometric assumptions and integrating tethering of all leaflet surface and annular area enlargement. Also, It is expected that the use of artificial intelligence solutions and the deployment of automated onboard software that requires no or limited human input will stimulate wider clinical use of three-dimensional echocardiography in left chambers quantification.
Keyphrases
- left ventricular
- mitral valve
- left atrial
- artificial intelligence
- machine learning
- deep learning
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- aortic valve
- heart failure
- big data
- cardiac resynchronization therapy
- aortic stenosis
- acute myocardial infarction
- atrial fibrillation
- endothelial cells
- catheter ablation
- oxidative stress
- high throughput
- high speed
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- blood pressure
- transcatheter aortic valve replacement
- magnetic resonance
- acute coronary syndrome
- computed tomography
- high resolution
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- data analysis