Nano-carriers for drug routeing - towards a new era.

The objective of this article is to propose a re-visiting of the paradigms of nano-carriers based drug routeing from an industrial viewpoint. The accumulation of drugs in specific body compartments after intravenous administration and the improvement of the oral bioavailability of peptides were taken as examples to propose an update of the translational framework preceding industrialisation. In addition to the recent advances on the biopharmacy of nano-carriers, the evolution of adjacent disciplines such as the biology of diseases, the chemistry of polymers, lipids and conjugates, the physico-chemistry of colloids and the assembling of materials at the nanoscale (referred to as microfluidics) are taken into account to consider new avenues in the applications of drug nano-carriers. The deeper integration of the properties of the drug and of the nano-carrier, in the specific context of the disease, advocates for product oriented programmes. At the same time, the advent of powerful collaborative digital tools makes possible the extension of the expertise spectrum. In this open-innovation framework, the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) of nano-carriers are proposed as a roadmap for the translational process from the Research stage to the Proof-of-Concept in human.