Ventral pallidum GABA and glutamate neurons drive approach and avoidance through distinct modulation of VTA cell types.

VP GABA and Glut neurons are activated by approach to reward and aversive stimuliVP GABA and Glut neurons oppositely affect VTA GABA, both activate VTA DA and GlutVP Glut neurons activate DA release in ventral NAc but inhibit DA from dorsal NAcVTA DA responses to VP GABA activity are inhibited by the subject's own action.