What is the impact of pulse modulation technology, laser settings and intraoperative irrigation conditions on the irrigation fluid temperature during flexible ureteroscopy? An in vivo experiment using artificial stones.

The high-power Ho:YAG laser can cause a damaging thermal effect to the kidney exceeding the threshold of 54 °C, under gravity irrigation. Lower power settings (up to 40 W) can be used with safety. According to our experiment, when using high power settings, the use of UAS and manual pump irrigation, is the safest combination regarding renal thermal damage.