Gun victimization in the line of duty: Fatal and nonfatal firearm assaults on police officers in the United States, 2014-2019.

GVA has decided strengths relative to existing data sources on police victimization and danger in policing. We consider the promises and pitfalls of this and other open-source data sets in policing research and recommend that recent state-level improvements in use-of-force data collection be replicated and expanded to include data on violence against police.