Cancer mutational processes vary in their association with replication timing and chromatin accessibility.

Cancer somatic mutations are the product of multiple mutational and repair processes, both of which are tightly associated with DNA replication. Distinctive patterns of somatic mutation accumulation, termed mutational signatures, are indicative of processes sustained within tumors. However, the association of various mutational processes with replication timing (RT) remains an open question. In this study, we systematically analyzed the mutational landscape of 2,787 tumors from 32 tumor types separately for early and late replicating regions using sequence context normalization and chromatin data to account for sequence and chromatin accessibility differences. To account for sequence differences between various genomic regions, an artificial genomes-based approach was developed to expand the signatures analyses to doublet base substitutions and small insertions and deletions. The association of mutational processes and RT was signature specific: some signatures were associated with early or late replication (such as SBS7b and SBS7a, respectively) and others had no association. Most associations existed even after normalizing for genome accessibility. A focused mutational signature identification approach was also developed that uses RT information to improve signature identification; this approach found that SBS16, which is biased towards early replication, is strongly associated with better survival rates in liver cancer. Overall, this novel and comprehensive approach provides a better understanding of the etiology of mutational signatures, which may lead to improved cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.