Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Skeletal Muscle Wasting.
Gordon L KleinPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2022)
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is part of a family of molecules that is present in many body tissues and performs many different functions. Evidence has been obtained from mice and human cancer patients with bony metastases and non-metastatic disease, as well as pediatric burn patients, that inflammation leads to bone resorption and release of TGF-β from the bone matrix with paracrine effects on muscle protein balance, possibly mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen species. Whether immobilization, which confounds the etiology of bone resorption in burn injury, also leads to the release of TGF-β from bone contributing to muscle wasting in other conditions is unclear. The use of anti-resorptive therapy in both metastatic cancer patients and pediatric burn patients has been successful in the prevention of muscle wasting, thereby creating an additional therapeutic niche for this class of drugs. The liberation of TGF-β may be one way in which bone helps to control muscle mass, but further investigation will be necessary to assess whether the rate of bone resorption is the determining factor for the release of TGF-β. Moreover, whether different resorptive conditions, such as immobilization and hyperparathyroidism, also involve TGF-β release in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting needs to be investigated.
Keyphrases
- transforming growth factor
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- skeletal muscle
- bone mineral density
- bone loss
- soft tissue
- end stage renal disease
- ejection fraction
- bone regeneration
- small cell lung cancer
- newly diagnosed
- reactive oxygen species
- squamous cell carcinoma
- prognostic factors
- peritoneal dialysis
- body composition
- insulin resistance
- patient reported outcomes
- young adults
- high resolution
- papillary thyroid
- small molecule
- mass spectrometry
- magnetic nanoparticles
- atomic force microscopy
- protein protein