The effect of needle and syringe program and opioid agonist therapy on the risk of HIV, hepatitis B and C virus infection for people who inject drugs in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: findings from an emulated target trial.

Compared with no/partial HRP participation, complete HRP participation led to lower risk of HIV [HR = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.27-1.08], HCV (HR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.06-0.40) and HBV (HR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.13-0.61) acquisition.