The insulin family consists of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), their receptors (IR, IGF-1R and IGF-2R), and their binding proteins. All three ligands are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, protein synthesis and metabolism due to their homologous sequences and structural similarities. Insulin-like growth factor 2, a member of the insulin family, plays an important role in embryonic development, metabolic disorders, and tumorigenesis by combining with three receptors with different degrees of affinity. The main pathological feature of various fibrotic diseases is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) after tissue and organ damage, which eventually results in organic dysfunction because scar formation replaces tissue parenchyma. As a mitogenic factor, IGF-2 is overexpressed in many fibrotic diseases. It can promote the proliferation of fibroblasts significantly, as well as the production of ECM in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This review aims to describe the expression changes and fibrosis-promoting effects of IGF-2 in the skin, oral cavity, heart, lung, liver, and kidney fibrotic tissues.
Keyphrases
- growth hormone
- extracellular matrix
- pi k akt
- binding protein
- type diabetes
- cell proliferation
- oxidative stress
- signaling pathway
- systemic sclerosis
- gene expression
- heart failure
- machine learning
- glycemic control
- dna damage
- atrial fibrillation
- metabolic syndrome
- dna repair
- deep learning
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- adipose tissue
- mass spectrometry
- physical activity
- long non coding rna
- skeletal muscle
- body mass index
- wound healing