Muscle Insulin Resistance and the Inflamed Microvasculature: Fire from Within.

Insulin is a vascular hormone and regulates vascular tone and reactivity. Muscle is a major insulin target that is responsible for the majority of insulin-stimulated glucose use. Evidence confirms that muscle microvasculature is an important insulin action site and critically regulates insulin delivery to muscle and action on myocytes, thereby affecting insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Insulin via activation of its signaling cascade in the endothelial cells increases muscle microvascular perfusion, which leads to an expansion of the endothelial exchange surface area. Insulin's microvascular actions closely couple with its metabolic actions in muscle and blockade of insulin-mediated microvascular perfusion reduces insulin-stimulated muscle glucose disposal. Type 2 diabetes is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which engenders both metabolic and microvascular insulin resistance through endocrine, autocrine and paracrine actions of multiple pro-inflammatory factors. Here, we review the crucial role of muscle microvasculature in the regulation of insulin action in muscle and how inflammation in the muscle microvasculature affects insulin's microvascular actions as well as metabolic actions. We propose that microvascular insulin resistance induced by inflammation is an early event in the development of metabolic insulin resistance and eventually type 2 diabetes and its related cardiovascular complications, and thus is a potential therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of obesity and diabetes.