Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods and Lung Transplant Recipients: A Narrative Review.

The respiratory tract of lung transplant recipients (LTR) is likely to be colonized with non-fermentative Gram-negative rods. As a consequence of the improvements in molecular sequencing and taxonomy, an increasing number of bacterial species have been described. We performed a review of the literature of bacterial infections in LTR involving non-fermentative Gram-negative rods with exclusion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , Achromobacter spp. and Burkholderia spp. Overall, non-fermenting GNR were recovered from 17 LTR involving the following genera: Acetobacter , Bordetella , Chryseobacterium , Elizabethkinga , Inquilinus , and Pandoraea . We then discuss the issues raised by these bacteria, including detection and identification, antimicrobial resistance, pathogenesis, and cross-transmission.