Systemic side effects of glaucoma medications.
Amirmohsen ArbabiXuan BaoWesam Shamseldin ShalabyReza RazeghinejadPublished in: Clinical & experimental optometry (2021)
Glaucoma is a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells leading to visual field loss. Lowering intraocular pressure is currently the only modifiable risk factor to slow glaucoma progression. Intraocular pressure-lowering options include topical and systemic medications, lasers, and surgical procedures. Glaucoma eye drops play a major role in treating this blinding disease. Similar to all medications, the glaucoma medications have their own adverse effects. The majority of glaucoma medications work by stimulating or inhibiting adrenergic, cholinergic, and prostaglandin receptors, which are distributed all over the body. Therefore, the glaucoma medications can affect organs other than the eye. This review will discuss the systemic adverse effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, sympathomimetics, para-sympathomimetics, beta blockers, prostaglandin analogs, hyperosmotic agents, and novel glaucoma medications with a stress on pregnant patients, breastfeeding mothers, and paediatric patients.
Keyphrases
- optic nerve
- end stage renal disease
- cataract surgery
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- chronic kidney disease
- risk factors
- prognostic factors
- intensive care unit
- peritoneal dialysis
- oxidative stress
- signaling pathway
- pregnant women
- patient reported outcomes
- cell proliferation
- heat stress
- patient reported
- molecular dynamics simulations