Influence of Nutritional Status and Physical Exercise on Immune Response in Metabolic Syndrome.
Mauro LombardoAlessandra FeracoChiara BelliaLuigi PriscoIlenia D'IppolitoElvira PaduaMaximilian Andreas StorzDavide LauroMassimiliano CaprioAlfonso BelliaPublished in: Nutrients (2022)
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic alterations mostly related to visceral adiposity, which in turn promotes glucose intolerance and a chronic systemic inflammatory state, characterized by immune cell infiltration. Such immune system activation increases the risk of severe disease subsequent to viral infections. Strong correlations between elevated body mass index (BMI), type-2-diabetes and increased risk of hospitalization after pandemic influenza H1N1 infection have been described. Similarly, a correlation between elevated blood glucose level and SARS-CoV-2 infection severity and mortality has been described, indicating MetS as an important predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Adipose secretome, including two of the most abundant and well-studied adipokines, leptin and interleukin-6, is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and obesity-related low-grade inflammation. Similarly, skeletal muscle hormones-called myokines-released in response to physical exercise affect both metabolic homeostasis and immune system function. Of note, several circulating hormones originate from both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and display different functions, depending on the metabolic context. This review aims to summarize recent data in the field of exercise immunology, investigating the acute and chronic effects of exercise on myokines release and immune system function.
Keyphrases
- insulin resistance
- metabolic syndrome
- skeletal muscle
- blood glucose
- adipose tissue
- glycemic control
- low grade
- type diabetes
- body mass index
- high fat diet
- drug induced
- high fat diet induced
- immune response
- sars cov
- physical activity
- high grade
- high intensity
- weight gain
- oxidative stress
- uric acid
- coronavirus disease
- dendritic cells
- liver failure
- early onset
- blood pressure
- cardiovascular events
- resistance training
- coronary artery disease
- risk factors
- electronic health record
- big data
- hepatitis b virus
- artificial intelligence
- solid state
- intensive care unit
- aortic dissection
- weight loss