Cognitive and psychosocial function in retired professional hockey players.
Carrie EsopenkoTiffany W ChowMaria Carmela TartagliaAgnes BacopulosPriya KumarMalcolm A BinnsJames L KennedyDaniel J MüllerBrian LevinePublished in: Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry (2017)
We found only subtle objective cognitive impairment in alumni athletes in the context of high subjective complaints and psychiatric impairment. Apolipoprotein ε4 status related to psychiatric, but not cognitive status. These findings provide benchmarks for the degree of cognitive and behavioural impairment in retired professional athletes and a point of comparison for future neuroimaging and longitudinal studies.