Pre- and post-diagnosis body mass index and heart failure mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies reveals greater risk of being underweight than being overweight.

This meta-analysis showed those with both high and low pre-diagnosis BMI had higher risk for HF mortality, with a greater risk from being too underweight, rather than being obese. No significant association was found between post-diagnosis BMI and the risk of HF mortality. Further detailed investigations are needed to accurately examine the potential mechanistic links between BMI and health outcomes.