3D Printed Biomodels for Flow Visualization in Stenotic Vessels: An Experimental and Numerical Study.

Atherosclerosis is one of the most serious and common forms of cardiovascular disease and a major cause of death and disability worldwide. It is a multifactorial and complex disease that promoted several hemodynamic studies. Although in vivo studies more accurately represent the physiological conditions, in vitro experiments more reliably control several physiological variables and most adequately validate numerical flow studies. Here, a hemodynamic study in idealized stenotic and healthy coronary arteries is presented by applying both numerical and in vitro approaches through computational fluid dynamics simulations and a high-speed video microscopy technique, respectively. By means of stereolithography 3D printing technology, biomodels with three different resolutions were used to perform experimental flow studies. The results showed that the biomodel printed with a resolution of 50 μm was able to most accurately visualize flow due to its lowest roughness values (Ra = 1.8 μm). The flow experimental results showed a qualitatively good agreement with the blood flow numerical data, providing a clear observation of recirculation regions when the diameter reduction reached 60%.