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First trimester mechanisms of gestational sac placental and foetal teratogenicity: a framework for birth cohort studies.

Jennifer J AdibiAlexander J LaydenRahel L BirruAlexandra MiragaiaXiaoshuang XunMegan C SmithQing YinMarisa E MillensonThomas G O'ConnorEmily S BarrettNathaniel W SnyderShyamal PeddadaRod Thomas Mitchell
Published in: Human reproduction update (2022)
The significance of this review is to offer a causal approach to classify the large number of potentially harmful exposures in pregnancy when the exposure occurs in the first trimester. Our review will facilitate future research by advancing knowledge of the first trimester mechanisms necessary for researchers to effectively associate environmental exposures with child health outcomes.
Keyphrases
  • air pollution
  • pregnancy outcomes
  • gestational age
  • healthcare
  • pregnant women
  • mental health
  • preterm birth
  • current status
  • birth weight
  • body mass index
  • risk assessment
  • physical activity
  • weight loss