Risk factors for secondary bladder cancer following prostate cancer radiotherapy.

This review investigates the complex landscape of secondary bladder cancer (SBC) after radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PCa). External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) poses an increased risk for SBC, while brachytherapy seems to be associated with smaller increased risks for SBC due to its targeted radiation delivery, sparing the surrounding bladder tissue. Secondary cancers in the bladder are the most frequently diagnosed secondary cancers in the PCa patient population treated with radiotherapy. Patient-related factors are pivotal, with age emerging as a dual-edged factor. While advanced age is a recognized risk for bladder cancer, younger PCa patients exhibit higher susceptibility to radiation-induced cancers. Smoking, a well-established bladder cancer risk factor, increases this vulnerability. Studies highlight the synergistic effect of smoking and radiation exposure, amplifying the likelihood of genetic mutations and SBC. The latency period of SBC, which spans years to decades, remains a critical aspect. There is a strong dose-response relationship between radiation exposure and SBC risk, with higher doses consistently being associated with a higher SBC risk. While specific models for therapeutic radiation-induced SBC are lacking, insights from related studies, like the Atomic Bomb survivor research, emphasize the bladder's sensitivity to radiation-induced cancer. Chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy, although infrequently used in PCa, emerges as a potential risk for bladder cancer. Bladder cancer's complex epidemiology, encompassing risk factors, treatment modalities, and cancer types, provides a comprehensive backdrop. As research refines understanding, we hope that this review contributes to guide clinicians, inform patient care, and shape preventive strategies on SBC.