Investigating the effect of hydraulic residence time, artificial aeration and plants presence on different constructed wetland designs treating oil industry effluent.

Constructed Wetlands (CW) have gained popularity over the last decades due to their cost-effectiveness, easy and simple operation and environmental compatibility in wastewater treatment. This ecological engineering technology appears particularly ideal for low-income regions. In this study, three widely used CW types (horizontal flow, vertical flow, and hybrid CW) were constructed and evaluated for their effectiveness in removing various pollution parameters (BOD 5 , COD, TSS, NH 4 -N, NO 3 -N, and TP) from an industrial effluent. Different configurations were tested such as CW type, hydraulic residence time, plants presence, and artificial aeration. Results showed that the hybrid CW configuration (i.e., vertical flow CW followed by horizontal subsurface flow CW) achieved the highest removal rates of all pollutants, i.e., more than 90% of BOD 5 , COD, TSS, and NH 4 -N. The single horizontal flow and vertical flow CW designs showed variations in the removal of NO 3 -N and TP (less than 30%), which were significantly improved (50% and 70%, respectively) by using the hybrid CW system. Artificial aeration significantly improves the performance of the CW system, especially for ammonia nitrogen and organic matter removal, while plants presence is also beneficial in the treatment performance. An 8-days HRT seems to be adequate for high removal rates in passive CW designs, though in aerated wetlands a lower HRT of 4 days seems sufficient. These findings suggest that the hybrid CW system could be a promising option for efficient wastewater treatment in developing regions.