Holistic understanding of trimethoprim resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae using an integrative approach of genome-wide association study, resistance reconstruction, and machine learning.

. These validated loci, when used to build ML models, were found to be the best inputs for predicting TMP minimal inhibitory concentrations. Integrative approaches can bridge the genotype-phenotype gap by biological insights that can be incorporated in ML models for accurate prediction of drug susceptibility.