Ventilatory efficiency in athletes, asthma and obesity.

During submaximal exercise, minute ventilation (V' E) increases in proportion to metabolic rate (i.e. carbon dioxide production (V' CO2 )) to maintain arterial blood gas homeostasis. The ratio V' E/V' CO2 , commonly termed ventilatory efficiency, is a useful tool to evaluate exercise responses in healthy individuals and patients with chronic disease. Emerging research has shown abnormal ventilatory responses to exercise (either elevated or blunted V' E/V' CO2 ) in some chronic respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. This review will briefly provide an overview of the physiology of ventilatory efficiency, before describing the ventilatory responses to exercise in healthy trained endurance athletes, patients with asthma, and patients with obesity. During submaximal exercise, the V' E/V' CO2 response is generally normal in endurance-trained individuals, patients with asthma and patients with obesity. However, in endurance-trained individuals, asthmatics who demonstrate exercise induced-bronchoconstriction, and morbidly obese individuals, the V' E/V' CO2 can be blunted at maximal exercise, likely because of mechanical ventilatory constraint.