Excess mortality due to Covid-19? A comparison of total mortality in 2020 with total mortality in 2016 to 2019 in Germany, Sweden and Spain.
Bernd KowallFabian StandlFlorian OesterlingBastian BruneMarcus BrinkmannMarcel DuddaPeter PflaumerKarl-Heinz JöckelAndreas StangPublished in: PloS one (2021)
In 2020, there was barely any excess mortality in Germany for both approaches. In Sweden, excess mortality was 3% without, and 8% with consideration of increasing life expectancy.