Effect of Aging on Three Lures Used for Monitoring Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): Release Rate, Volatile Composition, and Fly Recaptures.

Prevention and control programs for Ceratitis capitata require a large supply of lures and traps for use in established trapping networks and mass-trapping suppression measures. The main lures currently used are: Trimedure (TML), three-component Biolure (BL), and Ceratrap (CT). The aim of this study was to determine the release rates of these lures, the chemical composition of their volatiles, and how these parameters change with exposure time. Tests were conducted under field conditions at three different elevations (25, 500, and 1,300 masl) during the dry and rainy seasons in Chiapas, Mexico. We found that for TML and BL, the release rate was similar in both seasons and at all three elevations. In the case of CT, the release rate was greater during the dry season and at the lowest elevation during the rainy season. With the caveat of using solid-phase microextraction technique for identification of lure compounds in this study, we found that the volatile compounds of TML were maintained throughout the rainy season, however, in the dry season, some compounds could not be detected. The volatile compounds emitted by BL were trimethylamine, ammonium acetate, and acetamide. Among volatile compounds of CT, acetic acid was the most abundant in the rainy season, while minor compounds were only detected during the first five weeks. Recapture rates were affected by elevation in the three lures tested and there was a significant interaction between elevation in exposure time for TML and BL.