Causal inference concepts applied to three observational studies in the context of vaccine development: from theory to practice.
Emilia GvozdenovićLucio MalvisiElisa CinconzeStijn VansteelandtPhoebe NakanwagiEmmanuel ArisDominique RosillonPublished in: BMC medical research methodology (2021)
Based on our assessment we found causal Hill's criteria and counterfactual thinking valuable in determining some level of certainty about causality in observational studies. Application of causal inference frameworks should be considered in designing and interpreting observational studies.