Accumulation of pathogens in soil microbiome can explain long-term fluctuations of legumes in a grassland community.

All plant populations fluctuate in time. Apart from the dynamics imposed by external forces such as climate, these fluctuations can be driven by endogenous processes taking place within the community. In this study, we aimed to identify potential role of soil-borne microbial communities in driving endogenous fluctuations of plant populations. We combined a unique, 35-yr long abundance data of 11 common plant species from a species-rich mountain meadow with development of their soil microbiome (pathogenic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and oomycetes) observed during 4 yr of experimental cultivation in monocultures. Plant species which abundance fluctuated highly in the field (particularly legumes) accumulated plant pathogens in their soil mycobiome. We also identified increasing proportion of mycoparasitic fungi under highly fluctuating legume species, which may indicate an adaptation of these species to mitigate the detrimental effects of pathogens. Our study documented that long-term fluctuations in the abundance of plant species in grassland communities can be explained by the accumulation of plant pathogens in plant-soil microbiome. By contrast, we found little evidence of the role of mutualists in plant population fluctuations. These findings offer new insights for understanding mechanisms driving both long-term vegetation dynamics and patterns of species coexistence and richness.