Molecular Determinants of β-Lactam Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): An Updated Review.
Harshad LadeJae Seok KimPublished in: Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
The development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus , particularly in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), has become a significant health concern worldwide. The acquired mecA gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which takes over the activities of endogenous PBPs and, due to its low affinity for β-lactam antibiotics, is the main determinant of MRSA. In addition to PBP2a, other genetic factors that regulate cell wall synthesis, cell signaling pathways, and metabolism are required to develop high-level β-lactam resistance in MRSA. Although several genetic factors that modulate β-lactam resistance have been identified, it remains unclear how they alter PBP2a expression and affect antibiotic resistance. This review describes the molecular determinants of β-lactam resistance in MRSA, with a focus on recent developments in our understanding of the role of mecA -encoded PBP2a and on other genetic factors that modulate the level of β-lactam resistance. Understanding the molecular determinants of β-lactam resistance can aid in developing novel strategies to combat MRSA.
Keyphrases
- methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- staphylococcus aureus
- gram negative
- biofilm formation
- genome wide
- binding protein
- copy number
- public health
- mental health
- signaling pathway
- multidrug resistant
- escherichia coli
- gene expression
- stem cells
- transcription factor
- climate change
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- single cell