Cellular alterations in Pectobacterium carotovorum treated with nanostructured formulations during the incubation time.

Pectobacterium carotovorum was incubated in formulations of chitosan nanoparticles or thyme essential oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for a maximum period of 48 h time. The cellular changes and viability were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and two colorimetric assays 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and alamar blue (AMB), respectively. The incubation time and the addition of the secondary metabolite to the formulation were key factors to the cell damage and cell inhibitory effects on P. carotovorum, TEM observations overall demonstrated on the treated bacterium, cell surface alterations such as deforming and disappearance of the cell wall and the plasmatic membrane, with agglomeration of nanoparticles outside and inside of the cells, loss of cell content and lysis. Cell viability was reduced about 80% (MTT) and 100% (AMB) in the applied treatment of chitosan-loaded thyme essential oil nanoparticles after 48 h incubation, in addition, the total cell inhibition was shown from 6 h incubation onwards with the AMB assay. The TEM micrographs and the cell viability assays provided enough evidence of the antimicrobial activity of the nanostructured formulations compared with the control where no damage was observed.