Reduced Levels of H 2 S in Diabetes-Associated Osteoarthritis Are Linked to Hyperglycaemia, Nrf-2/HO-1 Signalling Downregulation and Chondrocyte Dysfunction.

Different findings indicate that type 2 diabetes is an independent risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). However, the mechanisms underlying the connection between both diseases remain unclear. Changes in the balance of hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, although its role is still controversial. In this study, we examined the modulation of H 2 S levels in serum and chondrocytes from OA diabetic (DB) and non-diabetic (non-DB) patients and in cells under glucose stress, in order to elucidate whether impairment in H 2 S-mediated signalling could participate in the onset of DB-related OA. Here, we identified a reduction in H 2 S synthesis in the cartilage from OA-DB patients and in cells under glucose stress, which is associated with hyperglycaemia-mediated dysregulation of chondrocyte metabolism. In addition, our results indicate that H 2 S is an inductor of the Nrf-2/HO-1 signalling pathway in cartilage, but is also a downstream target of Nrf-2 transcriptional activity. Thereby, impairment of the H 2 S/Nrf-2 axis under glucose stress or DB triggers chondrocyte catabolic responses, favouring the disruption of cartilage homeostasis that characterizes OA pathology. Finally, our findings highlight the benefits of the use of exogeneous sources of H 2 S in the treatment of DB-OA patients, and warrant future clinical studies.