Absence of cytotoxic and inflammatory effects following in vitro exposure of chondrogenically-differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells to adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ solution.

Short-term, in vitro exposure to clinically-relevant concentrations of ALM solution had no adverse inflammatory or chondrotoxic effects on human chondro-MSC, with responses comparable to saline and TXA. These findings provide support for continued evaluation of ALM solution as a possible therapeutic to improve outcomes following orthopaedic procedures.