Comparative Analysis of Transposable Elements and the Identification of Candidate Centromeric Elements in the Prunus Subgenus Cerasus and Its Relatives.

The subgenus Cerasus and its relatives include many crucial economic drupe fruits and ornamental plants. Repetitive elements make up a large part of complex genomes, and some of them play an important role in gene regulation that can affect phenotypic variation. However, the variation in their genomes remains poorly understood. This work conducted a comprehensive repetitive sequence identification across the draft genomes of eight taxa of the genus Prunus , including four of the Prunus subgenus Cerasus ( Prunus   pseudocerasus , P. avium , P. yedoensis and P. × yedoensis ) as well as congeneric species ( Prunus salicina , P. armeniaca , P. dulcis and P. persica ). Annotation results showed high proportions of transposable elements in their genomes, ranging from 52.28% ( P. armeniaca ) to 61.86% ( P. pseudocerasus ). The most notable differences in the contents of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) and tandem repeats (TRs) were confirmed with de novo identification based on the structure of each genome, which significantly contributed to their genome size variation, especially in P. avium and P. salicina . Sequence comparisons showed many similar LTR-RTs closely related to their phylogenetic relationships, and a highly similar monomer unit of the TR sequence was conserved among species. Additionally, the predicted centromere-associated sequence was located in centromeric regions with FISH in the 12 taxa of Prunus . It presented significantly different signal intensities, even within the diverse interindividual phenotypes for Prunus tomentosa . This study provides insight into the LTR-RT and TR variation within Prunus and increases our knowledge about its role in genome evolution.