An integrated study of Violae Herba (Viola philippica) and five adulterants by morphology, chemical compositions and chloroplast genomes: insights into its certified plant origin.

This study has implications for chloroplast genome-based phylogenetic analysis and the authentication of multiple Viola species used as Violae Herba. The legal origin recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be further revised to V. prionantha, in line with the commercial Violae Herba in the TCM markets.