Spectral sensitivity of retinal photoreceptors of tortricid moths is not tuned to diel activity period.

Leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are a large family of small moths containing over 10.000 species, many of which are crop pests. Grapholita molesta (Busck), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) and Cydia pomonella (L.) adults are sexually active before, during and after sunset, respectively. We wanted to determine if being active at different times of the day and night is associated with differences in their visual system. Spectral sensitivity (SS) was measured with electroretinograms and selective adaptation with green, blue and ultraviolet light. SS curves could be fitted with a triple nomogram template which indicated the existence of three photoreceptor classes peaking at 355 nm, 440 nm and 525 nm. The retinae showed clear regionalization, with fewer blue receptors dorsally. No differences among species or between sexes were found. Intracellular recordings in C. pomonella revealed three photoreceptor classes with sensitivities peaking at 355 nm, 440 nm and 525 nm. The blue photoreceptors showed inhibitory responses in the green part of the spectrum, indicating the presence of a color-opponent system. Flicker fusion frequency experiments showed that the response frequency was similar between sexes and species at around 100 Hz. Our results indicate that the three species have the ancestral insect retinal substrate for a trichromatic color vision, based upon the UV, blue and green-sensitive photoreceptors, and lack any prominent adaptations related to being active under different light conditions.