Assessment of the Effects of Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Derivatives on Lemna minor .

Chitosan, chitooligosaccharides and their derivatives' production and use in many fields may result in their release to the environment, possibly affecting aquatic organisms. Both an experimental and a computational approach were considered for evaluating the effects of these compounds on Lemna minor . Based on the determined EC 50 values against L. minor , only D-glucosamine hydrochloride (EC 50 = 11.55 mg/L) was considered as "slightly toxic" for aquatic environments, while all the other investigated compounds, having EC 50 > 100 mg/L, were considered as "practically non-toxic". The results obtained in the experimental approach were in good agreement with the predictions obtained using the admetSAR2.0 computational tool, revealing that the investigated compounds were not considered toxic for crustacean, fish and Tetrahymena pyriformis aquatic microorganisms. The ADMETLab2.0 computational tool predicted the values of IGC 50 for Tetrahymena pyriformis and the LC 50 for fathead minnow and Daphnia magna , with the lowest values of these parameters being revealed by totally acetylated chitooligosaccharides in correlation with their lowest solubility. The effects of the chitooligosaccharides and chitosan on L. minor decreased with increased molecular weight, increased with the degree of deacetylation and were reliant on acetylation patterns. Furthermore, the solubility mainly influenced the effects on the aqueous environment, with a higher solubility conducted to lower toxicity.