Techniques and challenges of the expanded endoscopic endonasal access to the ventrolateral skull base during the "far-medial" and "extreme medial" approaches.

EEA for lytic lesions like chondrosarcomas needs to address brain shift and displacement of ICA, posing a chance for cranial nerve morbidities and ICA injury. Meticulous utilization of intraoperative stereotactic landmarks can help avoid and mitigate surgical complications.