Associations between legal performance-enhancing substance use and future cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults: A prospective cohort study.
Jason M NagataKyle T GansonMitchell L CunninghamDeborah MitchisonJason M LavenderAaron J BlashillHolly C GoodingStuart B MurrayPublished in: PloS one (2020)
We do not find evidence for a prospective association between legal PES use and CVD risk factors in young adults over seven years of follow-up, including BMI, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. It should be noted that legal PES use was operationalized dichotomously and as one broad category, which did not account for frequency, amount, or duration of use. Given the lack of regulation and clinical trials data, observational studies can provide much needed data to inform the safety and long-term health associations of legal PES use and, in turn, inform clinical guidance and policy.
Keyphrases
- young adults
- risk factors
- cardiovascular disease
- healthcare
- public health
- clinical trial
- electronic health record
- type diabetes
- blood pressure
- big data
- mental health
- high fat diet
- body mass index
- skeletal muscle
- childhood cancer
- metabolic syndrome
- sensitive detection
- glycemic control
- weight gain
- human health
- deep learning
- double blind
- physical activity