Solvent Co-Intercalation-Induced Activation and Capacity Fade Mechanism of Few-/Multi-Layered MXenes in Lithium Ion Batteries.
Peer BärmannMartin WinterJesus Gonzalez-JulianTobias PlackePublished in: Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) (2021)
MXenes attract tremendous research efforts since their discovery in 2011 due to their unique physical and chemical properties, allowing for application in various fields. One of them is electrochemical energy storage due to their pseudocapacitive (=redox) behavior, high electronic conductivity, and charge storage versatility regarding the cationic species (e.g., Li+ ). MXenes typically display stable charge/discharge cycling behavior over hundreds of cycles in numerous electrolytes, however, a drastic loss of reversible capacity is detectable during the initial cycles. Furthermore, an electrochemical "activation" is also reported in the literature, especially for free-standing electrodes. Here, these electrochemical phenomena are investigated by electrochemical and analytical means to decipher the responsible mechanism by comparing few-layered and multi-layered Ti3 C2 Tx . A change in the pseudocapacitive behavior of MXenes during cycling can be explained by in situ X-ray diffraction studies, revealing solvent co-intercalation in the first cycle for the morphologically different MXenes. This co-intercalation is responsible for the capacity decay detected in the first cycles and is also responsible for the ongoing "activation" occurring in later cycles.
Keyphrases
- ionic liquid
- gold nanoparticles
- reduced graphene oxide
- ion batteries
- molecularly imprinted
- label free
- solar cells
- systematic review
- high intensity
- highly efficient
- physical activity
- high resolution
- small molecule
- electron transfer
- solid state
- magnetic resonance
- high throughput
- high glucose
- quality improvement
- mental health
- computed tomography
- liquid chromatography
- drug induced
- carbon nanotubes