Plasticity and implications of water-use traits in contrasting tropical tree species under climate change.

Plants face a trade-off between hydraulic safety and growth, leading to a range of water-use strategies in different species. However, little is known about such strategies in tropical trees and whether different water-use traits can acclimate to warming. We studied five water-use traits in 20 tropical tree species grown at three different altitudes in Rwanda (RwandaTREE): stomatal conductance (g s ), leaf minimum conductance (g min ), plant hydraulic conductance (K plant ), leaf osmotic potential (ψ o ) and net defoliation during drought. We also explored the links between these traits and growth and mortality data. Late successional (LS) species had low K plant , g s and g min and, thus, low water loss, while low ψ o helped improve leaf water status during drought. Early successional (ES) species, on the contrary, used more water during both moist and dry conditions and exhibited pronounced drought defoliation. The ES strategy was associated with lower mortality and more pronounced growth enhancement at the warmer sites compared to LS species. While K plant and g min showed downward acclimation in warmer climates, ψ o did not acclimate and g s measured at prevailing temperature did not change. Due to distinctly different water use strategies between successional groups, ES species may be better equipped for a warmer climate as long as defoliation can bridge drought periods.