The Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Major Human Diseases: Quo Vadis?
Babak SaraviZhen LiCorinna N LangBonaventura SchmidFrauke K LangSybille GradMauro AliniRobert Geoffrey RichardsHagen SchmalNorbert SüdkampGernot Michael LangPublished in: Cells (2021)
Evidence has arisen in recent years suggesting that a tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) is involved in the progression of various human diseases. This system contains two regulatory pathways: a pathological pro-inflammatory pathway containing the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)/Angiotensin II (AngII)/Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) axis and a protective anti-inflammatory pathway involving the Angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2)/ACE2/Ang1-7/MasReceptor axis. Numerous studies reported the positive effects of pathologic tRAS pathway inhibition and protective tRAS pathway stimulation on the treatment of cardiovascular, inflammatory, and autoimmune disease and the progression of neuropathic pain. Cell senescence and aging are known to be related to RAS pathways. Further, this system directly interacts with SARS-CoV 2 and seems to be an important target of interest in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on the involvement of tRAS in the progression of the mentioned diseases from an interdisciplinary clinical perspective and highlights therapeutic strategies that might be of major clinical importance in the future.
Keyphrases
- angiotensin ii
- angiotensin converting enzyme
- vascular smooth muscle cells
- neuropathic pain
- endothelial cells
- sars cov
- spinal cord
- spinal cord injury
- multiple sclerosis
- anti inflammatory
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- transcription factor
- oxidative stress
- single cell
- squamous cell carcinoma
- mesenchymal stem cells
- neoadjuvant chemotherapy
- radiation therapy
- locally advanced
- current status
- lymph node
- rectal cancer
- combination therapy