Genetic Mechanism of Non-Targeted-Site Resistance to Diquat in Spirodela polyrhiza .

Understanding non-target-site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides represents a pressing challenge as NTSR is widespread in many weeds. Using giant duckweed ( Spirodela polyrhiza ) as a model, we systematically investigated genetic and molecular mechanisms of diquat resistance, which can only be achieved via NTSR. Quantifying the diquat resistance of 138 genotypes, we revealed an 8.5-fold difference in resistance levels between the most resistant and most susceptible genotypes. Further experiments suggested that diquat uptake and antioxidant-related processes jointly contributed to diquat resistance in S. polyrhiza . Using a genome-wide association approach, we identified several candidate genes, including a homolog of dienelactone hydrolase, that are associated with diquat resistance in S. polyrhiza . Together, these results provide new insights into the mechanisms and evolution of NTSR in plants.