Qualitative and quantitative rapid detection of VOCs differentially released by VAP-associated bacteria using PTR-MS and FGC-PTR-MS.
Wei XuXue ZouYueting DingQi ZhangYulan SongJin ZhangMin YangZhou LiuQiang ZhouDianlong GeQiangling ZhangWencheng SongChaoqun HuangChengyin ShenYannan ChuPublished in: The Analyst (2024)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a prevalent disease caused by microbial infection, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality within the intensive care unit (ICU). The rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic bacteria causing VAP can assist clinicians in formulating timely treatment plans. In this study, we attempted to differentiate bacterial species in VAP by utilizing the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by pathogens. We cultured 6 common bacteria in VAP in vitro , including Acinetobacter baumannii , Enterobacter cloacae , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , and Staphylococcus aureus , which covered most cases of VAP infection in clinic. After the VOCs released by bacteria were collected in sampling bags, they were quantitatively detected by a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and the characteristic ions were qualitatively analyzed through a fast gas chromatography-proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (FGC-PTR-MS). After conducting principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), we discovered that the VOCs released by 6 bacteria exhibited differentiation following 3 h of quantitative cultivation in vitro . Additionally, we further investigated the variations in the types and concentrations of bacterial VOCs. The results showed that by utilizing the differences in types of VOCs, 6 bacteria could be classified into 5 sets, except for A. baumannii and E. cloacae which were indistinguishable. Furthermore, we observed significant variations in the concentration ratio of acetaldehyde and methyl mercaptan released by A. baumannii and E. cloacae. In conclusion, the VOCs released by bacteria could effectively differentiate the 6 pathogens commonly associated with VAP, which was expected to assist doctors in formulating treatment plans in time and improve the survival rate of patients.
Keyphrases
- mass spectrometry
- gas chromatography
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- liquid chromatography
- high resolution
- acinetobacter baumannii
- escherichia coli
- multiple sclerosis
- staphylococcus aureus
- ms ms
- high performance liquid chromatography
- drug resistant
- ejection fraction
- end stage renal disease
- systematic review
- biofilm formation
- primary care
- chronic kidney disease
- gram negative
- microbial community
- newly diagnosed
- combination therapy
- gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- patient reported outcomes
- candida albicans
- quantum dots
- methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- electron transfer
- patient reported
- acute respiratory distress syndrome