Simulating block-scale flood inundation and streamflow using the WRF-Hydro model in the New York City metropolitan area.

This study assesses the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting-Hydrological modeling system (WRF-Hydro) in the simulation of street-scale flood inundation. The case study is the Hackensack River Watershed in New Jersey, US, which is part of the operational Stevens Flood Advisory System (SFAS), a one-way coupled hydrodynamic-hydrologic system that currently uses the Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to simulate streamflow. The performance of the 50-m gridded WRF-Hydro model was assessed for potential integration into the operational SFAS system. The model was calibrated with the dynamically dimensioned search algorithm using streamflow observations. The model performance was assessed using (i) streamflow observations, (ii) USGS HWMs, and (iii) crowdsourced data on street inundation. Results show that WRF-Hydro outperformed the HEC-HMS model. WRF-Hydro over and underestimated flood inundation extent due to the inaccuracy of the synthetic rating curves and the modeling structure errors. An agreement was noticed between WRF-Hydro and crowdsourced data on flood extent.