Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants versus Warfarin in Obese Patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) with Atrial Fibrillation or Venous Thromboembolism: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background : Real-world data show limited utilization of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) due to concerns regarding their efficacy and safety in this demographic. Aim : This review aimed to consolidate current evidence on the efficacy and safety of DOACs versus warfarin in obese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) or venous thromboembolism (VTE). The primary efficacy outcome assessed a composite of all-cause mortality, stroke, systemic embolism (SE), and myocardial infarction (MI). Methods : A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases from inception to December 28, 2023. Data were synthesized using random-effects meta-analysis. Results : A total of 35 studies involving 434,320 participants were analyzed. DOAC use was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of the composite outcome (RR = 0.80, 95% CI [0.65, 0.98], I 2 = 95%), hemorrhagic stroke (RR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.38, 0.88], I 2 = 92%), major bleeding (RR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.63, 0.92], I 2 = 94%), gastrointestinal bleeding (RR = 0.59, 95% CI [0.49, 0.72], I 2 = 88%), and intracranial bleeding (RR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.34, 0.60], I 2 = 44%) compared to warfarin. A non-significant benefit of DOACs was observed for all-cause mortality, MI, the composite of stroke or SE, ischemic stroke, SE, VTE, and minor bleeding compared to warfarin. Subgroup analysis indicated no significant effect modification based on the indication for anticoagulation or study design. Conclusions : DOACs demonstrated a favorable efficacy and safety profile in obese individuals compared to warfarin.